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welcome to nasa headquarters in

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washington d.c i'm steve cole from the

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office of communications nasa is getting

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ready to launch its first earth science

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satellite in two years dedicated to

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tackling some of the toughest questions

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about our earth's

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changing climate the mission is glory

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and it will join a fleet of nasa

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satellites already in orbit circling the

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globe every day

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glory is scheduled to rocket into space

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on the early in the morning of february

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23rd from vandenberg air force base in

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southern california on its way to an

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eventual orbit of nearly 440 miles above

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the earth

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today we're giving you a preview of this

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mission with some of the key people who

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have made glory possible let me

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introduce you to our panelists

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troy brethauer from nasa headquarters is

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the glory program executive

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brian faithful from nasa's goddard space

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flight center in greenbelt maryland is

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glory project manager

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michael mischenko from nasa's goddard

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institute for space studies in new york

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is the glory project scientist

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greg kopp from the university of

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colorado's laboratory for atmospheric

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and space physics in boulder

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is the instrument scientist for the

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total irradiance monitor

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and finally brian cairns also from

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nasa's goddard institute for space

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studies is the instrument scientist for

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the aerosol polarimetery sensor

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after our panel's presentations we'll

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take questions here in the auditorium

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and on the phone line from the media

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so let's get started our first speaker

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joy

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now i'll talk about why glory is

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important to us may i have the first

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graphic please

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glory is the next launch and the

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president's climate initiative to

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address key climate problems and is

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nasa's next earth observing research

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mission that will join 14 other

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satellites

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glory will improve our understanding of

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how the sun

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and tiny airborne particles called

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aerosols affect the earth's climate

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changes

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as the glory program executive for the

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earth science division i am responsible

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for the overall technical cost schedule

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and program management of the glory

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mission for nasa headquarters

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nasa's rigorous practices standards and

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processes have prepared us to launch the

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observatory and the launch vehicle

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project management for the glory mission

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is provided by the goddard space flight

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center o'brien faithful is the project

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manager and michael michenko is the

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project scientist

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the taurus xl launch vehicle which was

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procured through the nasa launch

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services program at kennedy space center

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will launch the glory observatory

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which will then ascend into the a train

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or the afternoon constellation

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the low earth orbit a train

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consists of multiple spacecraft

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flying in close proximity

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to

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create basically the first ever super

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observatory that'll give us near

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simultaneous observations of the earth

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including land ocean and atmosphere

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the highly accurate and precise data

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from glory in combination with

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observations from the rest of the a

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train will enable researchers to improve

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our understanding of the earth system

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by improving our ability

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to predict future climate

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i like the next graphic please

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the glory mission will assist

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researchers

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in revealing the effects of aerosols and

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solar radiance on climate

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changes in the composition of the

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earth's atmosphere

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or in the total solar irradiance can

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lead to global climate change

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the knowledge obtained from the glory

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mission will help us better predict the

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future of our planet

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the glory mission responds to the

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intergovernmental panel on climate

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change by continuing and improving on

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nasa's earth science research on future

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climate

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the scientific knowledge provided by the

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glory mission is essential to improving

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climate models that predict future

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climate change

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this understanding is also essential for

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making scientifically based economic

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health

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and policy decisions related to

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environmental change

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the glory mission has two science

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objectives

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the first objective is to continue our

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32-year record of measuring the sun's

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direct and indirect effects on climate

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the second objective

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is to increase our understanding of how

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natural and man-made aerosols affect

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the glory mission will address the

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largest uncertainty in our understanding

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of the earth system

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basically the aerosol climate effect

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we'd like to better understand how

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aerosols influence solar energy in the

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earth's system there are uncertainties

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in how the solar energy influences

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excuse me they're understanding there

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are uncertainties in how aerosols

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contribute to basically the absorption

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and reflection of solar energy

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as well as in how aerosols impact cloud

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formation and properties

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i'd like the next

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graphic thank you

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aerosols are tiny airborne solid or

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liquid particles

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that are sized from nanometers to

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micrometers

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that may be either natural or man-made

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in origin and they come from sources

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like this graphic desert dust the next

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graphic please volcanoes

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the next graphic and air pollution

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that contribute to either

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the warming or the cooling of the earth

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man-made aerosols are created by

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burning either fossil fuels or

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intentionally burning trees and they

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contribute to the warming of the earth

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while sulfates which are also created by

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burning fossil fuels can come from

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sources like volcanoes and air pollution

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contribute to the cooling of the earth

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i'd like to show the next animation

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this animation of is a model basically

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of aerosol transport

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glory will help us to improve

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atmospheric models that predict aerosol

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transport this model is an atmospheric

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model demonstrating the

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eruption of mount pinatubo

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this is not obviously glory's data but

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an example of a model that glory can

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contribute to

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now unlike greenhouse gases which can

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remain in the atmosphere for years

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these tiny particles remain airborne for

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at most a couple of weeks during which

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time they can be transported globally

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thousands of miles

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glory is nasa's first satellite that

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will make unique

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highly accurate measurements of light

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properties

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as a means of identifying

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the size shape and composition of

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aerosols

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these first ever measurements from

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glory's aerosol polarimetry sensor

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instrument will help in determining the

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global distribution of both natural and

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man-made aerosols

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as well as how aerosols interact with

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other components in the atmosphere as

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they are transported globally and affect

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climate change

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brian cairns will address the aerosol

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science for the glory mission later

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and i'd like the final graphic thank you

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gloria's other science objective is to

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understand how changes in the sun's

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energy can cause climate change

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our sun's energy

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our sun provides the energy that fuels

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earth's climate it's the most dominant

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factor driving the climate

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the highly accurate measurements from

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glory's total irradiance monitor will

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help us to understand the sun's major

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effect on earth's climate with improved

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accuracy and stability

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and will also help to continue more than

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32 years of critical critical solar

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irradiance data

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grey kopp will address the total

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irradiance science for the glory mission

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at a later time

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and in summary the glory mission will

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provide the highly accurate aerosol and

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solar radiance data measurements

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that are vital to improving climate

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models and more accurately predicting

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the earth's future climate

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additionally this will serve as a

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resource for making scientifically based

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economic health and policy decisions

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related to environmental change and now

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i'd like to turn it over to brian

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faithful who will talk about the glory

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observatory and as well as the launch

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site activities for our upcoming launch

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thank you joy

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i'd like to thank everybody for being

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here today and tell you how excited we

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are to be at this point in the program

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can i have the first graphic

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i'm happy to report that the observatory

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arrives safely at vandenberg on tuesday

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january the 11th

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we have successfully completed all

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post-shipment inspections and functional

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tests kind of next graphic

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and the engineering team is currently

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preparing the satellite to start fueling

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this weekend

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after that we will be ready for fairing

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installation early february

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next

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graphic

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in early february excuse me uh in in

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addition to the observatory work uh the

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the taurus rocket is uh is making

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significant progress as well and in fact

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on this past monday they erected the

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first stage

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at the launch site which you're seeing

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on the picture now

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if we could start the animation i'd like

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to talk a little bit more about the

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as was previously mentioned by joy glory

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is a key part of nasa's climate research

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program and it will fly in the afternoon

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constellation with several other earth

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observing satellites

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it is a unique satellite and it's really

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two scientific missions in one

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it contains a sun pointing instrument

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that measures solar energy and an earth

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pointing instrument that will study

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aerosols the total radiance monitor

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built by the university of colorado's

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laboratory for atmospheric and space

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physics in boulder colorado will

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continue a 32-year spaceborne data

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record of the total solar irradiance

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measurement while the aerosol

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polarimetry sensor that was built by

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raytheon's space and airborne systems in

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el segundo california will help

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scientists better understand

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the effect of both man-made and

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naturally occurring aerosols in the in

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the atmosphere

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um

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cloud cameras which were built by ball

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aerospace and technologies corporation

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and they are used to assist in cloud

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clearing for the aerosol retrievals

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uh i must say that all the instruments

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on glory have have outstanding

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performance and have performed

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flawlessly throughout the

290
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long environmental program that we've

291
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had

292
00:11:16,710 --> 00:11:12,079
um could we uh start the spacecraft

293
00:11:21,030 --> 00:11:19,350
glory used an existing spacecraft bus

294
00:11:22,949 --> 00:11:21,040
that was available

295
00:11:24,389 --> 00:11:22,959
from a program that didn't fly and in

296
00:11:26,150 --> 00:11:24,399
order to accommodate glory's two

297
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scientific instruments

298
00:11:29,350 --> 00:11:28,640
extensive modifications and in general

299
00:11:35,750 --> 00:11:29,360
re

300
00:11:37,430 --> 00:11:35,760
this very challenging transformation was

301
00:11:40,310 --> 00:11:37,440
successfully performed by orbital

302
00:11:42,230 --> 00:11:40,320
sciences corporation in dulles virginia

303
00:11:44,069 --> 00:11:42,240
and i'm glad to say that it meets all

304
00:11:46,550 --> 00:11:44,079
its performance requirements

305
00:11:48,550 --> 00:11:46,560
uh can i have the next graphic uh before

306
00:11:50,710 --> 00:11:48,560
i uh hand this off to michael to talk

307
00:11:53,030 --> 00:11:50,720
more about glory science i want to

308
00:11:55,350 --> 00:11:53,040
express how happy the team is and

309
00:11:57,350 --> 00:11:55,360
excited to be here and to let you know

310
00:11:59,590 --> 00:11:57,360
that the glory observatory is ready to

311
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uh launch and do its mission

312
00:12:01,670 --> 00:12:00,480
michael

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00:12:04,550 --> 00:12:01,680
thank you brian

314
00:12:06,389 --> 00:12:04,560
uh my first graphic will tell you that

315
00:12:08,310 --> 00:12:06,399
essentially all of the energy that fuels

316
00:12:09,590 --> 00:12:08,320
the climate system comes directly from

317
00:12:11,590 --> 00:12:09,600
the sun

318
00:12:12,470 --> 00:12:11,600
this means that even small changes in

319
00:12:14,550 --> 00:12:12,480
the

320
00:12:17,430 --> 00:12:14,560
solar energy input can have profound

321
00:12:19,350 --> 00:12:17,440
consequences for the earth's climate

322
00:12:22,069 --> 00:12:19,360
this means that we have to measure the

323
00:12:24,230 --> 00:12:22,079
solar energy input over an extended

324
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period of time with a very high accuracy

325
00:12:28,629 --> 00:12:26,240
and this is precisely what the glory

326
00:12:31,269 --> 00:12:28,639
team is going to do

327
00:12:33,910 --> 00:12:31,279
it will continue the 32-year

328
00:12:36,470 --> 00:12:33,920
uninterrupted record of total solely

329
00:12:39,030 --> 00:12:36,480
radiance measurements from space in fact

330
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this instrument is significantly more

331
00:12:43,990 --> 00:12:42,079
accurate than all his predecessors and

332
00:12:46,230 --> 00:12:44,000
will help us to improve

333
00:12:48,310 --> 00:12:46,240
the overall accuracy of the existing

334
00:12:50,389 --> 00:12:48,320
composite record

335
00:12:52,629 --> 00:12:50,399
of satellite measurements

336
00:12:53,829 --> 00:12:52,639
once the solar energy enters the climate

337
00:12:55,829 --> 00:12:53,839
system

338
00:12:57,670 --> 00:12:55,839
it can be partially absorbed at the

339
00:13:00,069 --> 00:12:57,680
surface or in the atmosphere and can be

340
00:13:02,150 --> 00:13:00,079
partially reflected back to space

341
00:13:04,310 --> 00:13:02,160
in fact it is this delicate balance

342
00:13:06,470 --> 00:13:04,320
between the incoming solar radiation and

343
00:13:07,829 --> 00:13:06,480
the outgoing radiation that defines the

344
00:13:09,509 --> 00:13:07,839
earth's climate

345
00:13:11,350 --> 00:13:09,519
an extremely important role in this

346
00:13:13,269 --> 00:13:11,360
redistribution of the solar energy in

347
00:13:14,550 --> 00:13:13,279
the atmosphere is played by tiny yet

348
00:13:16,389 --> 00:13:14,560
ubiquitous

349
00:13:18,230 --> 00:13:16,399
particles airborne particles called

350
00:13:20,230 --> 00:13:18,240
aerosols

351
00:13:22,310 --> 00:13:20,240
these particles can affect the climate

352
00:13:23,269 --> 00:13:22,320
directly by absorbing or reflecting

353
00:13:25,269 --> 00:13:23,279
light

354
00:13:27,430 --> 00:13:25,279
so depending on the chemical composition

355
00:13:29,350 --> 00:13:27,440
they can contribute to warming or to the

356
00:13:31,990 --> 00:13:29,360
cooling of the atmosphere

357
00:13:33,910 --> 00:13:32,000
they can also affect climate indirectly

358
00:13:35,750 --> 00:13:33,920
by modifying the properties of clouds

359
00:13:37,590 --> 00:13:35,760
which are significant reflectors you can

360
00:13:39,910 --> 00:13:37,600
see from this picture

361
00:13:41,670 --> 00:13:39,920
and modulating precipitation

362
00:13:43,030 --> 00:13:41,680
so this tells us that

363
00:13:45,030 --> 00:13:43,040
because of this important role the

364
00:13:47,750 --> 00:13:45,040
aerosols playing the redistribution of

365
00:13:49,189 --> 00:13:47,760
the energy in the climate system we need

366
00:13:51,030 --> 00:13:49,199
to know their distribution global

367
00:13:53,269 --> 00:13:51,040
distribution and properties with very

368
00:13:55,110 --> 00:13:53,279
high accuracy and this is the major

369
00:13:57,590 --> 00:13:55,120
scientific objective of the glory

370
00:14:00,949 --> 00:13:57,600
aerosol polarimetry sensor

371
00:14:05,269 --> 00:14:00,959
the next graphic is is a

372
00:14:07,030 --> 00:14:05,279
is a computer simulation uh it was

373
00:14:09,430 --> 00:14:07,040
it was created using a theoretical

374
00:14:12,150 --> 00:14:09,440
computer model and shows you the

375
00:14:14,230 --> 00:14:12,160
transport of tiny suit or black carbon

376
00:14:16,629 --> 00:14:14,240
particles in the atmosphere so we have

377
00:14:18,069 --> 00:14:16,639
this theoretical modeling tools but we

378
00:14:19,990 --> 00:14:18,079
still know that

379
00:14:22,629 --> 00:14:20,000
the accuracy of these tools is

380
00:14:24,629 --> 00:14:22,639
insufficient and needs to be improved we

381
00:14:27,110 --> 00:14:24,639
know that the aerosols

382
00:14:28,550 --> 00:14:27,120
affect climates

383
00:14:30,310 --> 00:14:28,560
the effect climate

384
00:14:32,150 --> 00:14:30,320
defect on climate by aerosols is

385
00:14:34,470 --> 00:14:32,160
comparable in magnitude to that of the

386
00:14:36,470 --> 00:14:34,480
greenhouse gases yet the existing

387
00:14:39,590 --> 00:14:36,480
uncertainty in the climate forcing due

388
00:14:41,990 --> 00:14:39,600
to aerosols is as big as the estimated

389
00:14:44,550 --> 00:14:42,000
forcing itself

390
00:14:46,230 --> 00:14:44,560
also if you look at the anthropogenic or

391
00:14:48,310 --> 00:14:46,240
man-made contribution to the global

392
00:14:49,590 --> 00:14:48,320
climate change there is an uncertainty

393
00:14:51,590 --> 00:14:49,600
in that and it's a significant

394
00:14:53,350 --> 00:14:51,600
uncertainty and almost all of it comes

395
00:14:55,350 --> 00:14:53,360
from the poorer knowledge of aerosol

396
00:14:56,949 --> 00:14:55,360
particles so this all tells us we need

397
00:14:59,030 --> 00:14:56,959
to know these particles much better than

398
00:15:01,430 --> 00:14:59,040
we do but it's not easy to do there are

399
00:15:03,189 --> 00:15:01,440
several factors which make this problem

400
00:15:06,310 --> 00:15:03,199
quite complicated

401
00:15:07,990 --> 00:15:06,320
their souls come in all sizes shapes and

402
00:15:09,590 --> 00:15:08,000
chemical compositions

403
00:15:11,509 --> 00:15:09,600
there are different types of aerosols

404
00:15:13,750 --> 00:15:11,519
which can coexist within the field of

405
00:15:15,590 --> 00:15:13,760
view of a satellite instrument making

406
00:15:17,750 --> 00:15:15,600
the problem of the determination of the

407
00:15:19,590 --> 00:15:17,760
aerosol properties highly complicated

408
00:15:21,110 --> 00:15:19,600
these particles are shortly even highly

409
00:15:22,949 --> 00:15:21,120
variable

410
00:15:26,310 --> 00:15:22,959
yet they can be transported thousands of

411
00:15:28,550 --> 00:15:26,320
kilometers and even over the globe

412
00:15:30,550 --> 00:15:28,560
these complexifying factors call for a

413
00:15:33,509 --> 00:15:30,560
very special instrument to study

414
00:15:35,670 --> 00:15:33,519
aerosols and in fact the glory versus

415
00:15:38,710 --> 00:15:35,680
oil polarimeter sensor is the first

416
00:15:40,550 --> 00:15:38,720
earth orbiting instrument of its kind

417
00:15:42,550 --> 00:15:40,560
it will measure not just the intensity

418
00:15:44,310 --> 00:15:42,560
of the reflected sunlight but it will

419
00:15:45,350 --> 00:15:44,320
also measure the polarization state of

420
00:15:46,949 --> 00:15:45,360
this light

421
00:15:48,069 --> 00:15:46,959
and it will do that with very high

422
00:15:50,470 --> 00:15:48,079
accuracy

423
00:15:52,310 --> 00:15:50,480
it will measure uh the reflected

424
00:15:55,030 --> 00:15:52,320
intensity and polarization for a scene

425
00:15:57,269 --> 00:15:55,040
location from 250 different angles in

426
00:15:58,629 --> 00:15:57,279
nine spectral bands covering a wide

427
00:16:00,470 --> 00:15:58,639
spectral range

428
00:16:02,629 --> 00:16:00,480
so aps will provide a wealth of

429
00:16:04,710 --> 00:16:02,639
information for each syn location and

430
00:16:06,710 --> 00:16:04,720
this wealth of information is precisely

431
00:16:08,069 --> 00:16:06,720
what will help us to determine the

432
00:16:11,269 --> 00:16:08,079
properties of aerosols with the

433
00:16:14,069 --> 00:16:11,279
requisite accuracy and specificity

434
00:16:15,910 --> 00:16:14,079
uh the next graphic uh tells you that uh

435
00:16:18,710 --> 00:16:15,920
the glory spacecraft will be flown in

436
00:16:20,710 --> 00:16:18,720
the so-called afternoon constellation of

437
00:16:22,150 --> 00:16:20,720
satellites

438
00:16:23,990 --> 00:16:22,160
for team for the team instrument it

439
00:16:25,430 --> 00:16:24,000
doesn't matter how we fly it because all

440
00:16:28,069 --> 00:16:25,440
it does is to look at the sun and

441
00:16:30,069 --> 00:16:28,079
measure its energy output but for the

442
00:16:31,509 --> 00:16:30,079
glory aps flying in the atrium can be

443
00:16:33,509 --> 00:16:31,519
quite beneficial

444
00:16:34,790 --> 00:16:33,519
because there are multiple other

445
00:16:36,710 --> 00:16:34,800
instruments looking at the same scene

446
00:16:39,189 --> 00:16:36,720
location at about the same

447
00:16:40,949 --> 00:16:39,199
moment in time and by combining these

448
00:16:42,629 --> 00:16:40,959
measurements we can come up with a

449
00:16:44,710 --> 00:16:42,639
product that is better than the product

450
00:16:46,310 --> 00:16:44,720
of each of the individual instruments

451
00:16:48,870 --> 00:16:46,320
i'll give you just one example glory

452
00:16:51,670 --> 00:16:48,880
will fly right behind the calypso

453
00:16:52,949 --> 00:16:51,680
spacecraft carrying a lidar

454
00:16:54,790 --> 00:16:52,959
the lighter measurements are very

455
00:16:57,350 --> 00:16:54,800
sensitive to the vertical location of

456
00:17:00,230 --> 00:16:57,360
the aerosol particles but a relatively

457
00:17:02,150 --> 00:17:00,240
insensitive to the particle properties

458
00:17:03,829 --> 00:17:02,160
with the glory polarization measurements

459
00:17:05,750 --> 00:17:03,839
we have extreme sensitivity to the

460
00:17:07,270 --> 00:17:05,760
particle microphysical properties and

461
00:17:09,590 --> 00:17:07,280
little sensitivity to the vertical

462
00:17:11,909 --> 00:17:09,600
position so by combining these two types

463
00:17:14,069 --> 00:17:11,919
of measurements uh we will for the first

464
00:17:16,309 --> 00:17:14,079
time determine the vertical distribution

465
00:17:18,630 --> 00:17:16,319
of aerosol physical properties this has

466
00:17:19,669 --> 00:17:18,640
not has not been done before

467
00:17:21,350 --> 00:17:19,679
and now

468
00:17:23,110 --> 00:17:21,360
greg kopp will tell you more about the

469
00:17:24,949 --> 00:17:23,120
team science

470
00:17:27,669 --> 00:17:24,959
thank you michael

471
00:17:30,789 --> 00:17:27,679
the total irradiance monitor on glory is

472
00:17:32,789 --> 00:17:30,799
looking at the sun and as michael said

473
00:17:34,470 --> 00:17:32,799
the sun is providing nearly all the

474
00:17:36,710 --> 00:17:34,480
energy input that drives the earth's

475
00:17:38,549 --> 00:17:36,720
climate system

476
00:17:40,549 --> 00:17:38,559
the sun provides

477
00:17:42,549 --> 00:17:40,559
ten thousand times more energy than the

478
00:17:44,150 --> 00:17:42,559
next dominant source four thousand times

479
00:17:47,029 --> 00:17:44,160
as much energy to the earth's climate

480
00:17:49,590 --> 00:17:47,039
system as all the other sources combined

481
00:17:51,270 --> 00:17:49,600
and that energy from the sun incident at

482
00:17:53,110 --> 00:17:51,280
the top of the earth's atmosphere varies

483
00:17:54,390 --> 00:17:53,120
with time as you can see in this first

484
00:17:58,549 --> 00:17:54,400
animation

485
00:18:01,029 --> 00:17:58,559
you the

486
00:18:03,029 --> 00:18:01,039
tsi total solar irradiance energy

487
00:18:04,630 --> 00:18:03,039
radiant energy from the sun at the top

488
00:18:06,070 --> 00:18:04,640
of the earth's atmosphere driving our

489
00:18:07,029 --> 00:18:06,080
climate system and you can see that it

490
00:18:08,950 --> 00:18:07,039
varies

491
00:18:10,950 --> 00:18:08,960
solar activity such as the passage of

492
00:18:13,430 --> 00:18:10,960
these dark sunspots across the solar

493
00:18:15,350 --> 00:18:13,440
disk cause short-term decreases in the

494
00:18:18,470 --> 00:18:15,360
sun's output these are decreases on the

495
00:18:20,870 --> 00:18:18,480
order of 0.1 to 0.3 percent

496
00:18:22,870 --> 00:18:20,880
and they can occur rapidly over days to

497
00:18:25,270 --> 00:18:22,880
weeks as you're seeing here

498
00:18:27,830 --> 00:18:25,280
this animation spans about three months

499
00:18:29,909 --> 00:18:27,840
of the sun's output

500
00:18:32,070 --> 00:18:29,919
these short-term fluctuations although

501
00:18:33,669 --> 00:18:32,080
large have very little effect on earth's

502
00:18:36,950 --> 00:18:33,679
climate because the climate system

503
00:18:38,630 --> 00:18:36,960
doesn't respond very quickly to changes

504
00:18:41,510 --> 00:18:38,640
in the sun's output but knowing that the

505
00:18:43,830 --> 00:18:41,520
sun can respond and change this quickly

506
00:18:46,150 --> 00:18:43,840
we'd like to know long term how the sun

507
00:18:47,990 --> 00:18:46,160
changes over decades over centuries

508
00:18:50,230 --> 00:18:48,000
things that can be much more relevant to

509
00:18:51,590 --> 00:18:50,240
climate change on the earth

510
00:18:53,830 --> 00:18:51,600
and

511
00:18:55,750 --> 00:18:53,840
being able to measure something such as

512
00:18:58,070 --> 00:18:55,760
these small scale changes on the sun

513
00:18:59,270 --> 00:18:58,080
over decades to centuries drives real

514
00:19:01,270 --> 00:18:59,280
stringent

515
00:19:02,710 --> 00:19:01,280
accuracy and stability requirements

516
00:19:05,590 --> 00:19:02,720
which we're going to be achieving with

517
00:19:08,470 --> 00:19:05,600
the team instrument on glory

518
00:19:11,110 --> 00:19:08,480
the next animation shows the 32-year

519
00:19:12,070 --> 00:19:11,120
long record that scientists currently

520
00:19:14,470 --> 00:19:12,080
have

521
00:19:16,549 --> 00:19:14,480
from space of total solar irradiance

522
00:19:18,150 --> 00:19:16,559
measurements the different colors on

523
00:19:20,150 --> 00:19:18,160
here represent measurements from

524
00:19:22,150 --> 00:19:20,160
different instruments

525
00:19:23,909 --> 00:19:22,160
and you'll see that they're each

526
00:19:25,830 --> 00:19:23,919
following the same sort of curve the

527
00:19:27,909 --> 00:19:25,840
same output that the sun has the same

528
00:19:29,669 --> 00:19:27,919
variability that it has but you'll also

529
00:19:31,029 --> 00:19:29,679
see that there are offsets between each

530
00:19:33,669 --> 00:19:31,039
of these different instruments and those

531
00:19:36,230 --> 00:19:33,679
are due to calibration differences

532
00:19:38,070 --> 00:19:36,240
what's helped this record has been that

533
00:19:39,909 --> 00:19:38,080
we've had overlap between each of these

534
00:19:40,870 --> 00:19:39,919
different instruments each instrument

535
00:19:42,870 --> 00:19:40,880
has

536
00:19:45,029 --> 00:19:42,880
taken simultaneous measurements of the

537
00:19:46,310 --> 00:19:45,039
same sun at the same time as prior

538
00:19:48,630 --> 00:19:46,320
instruments

539
00:19:50,710 --> 00:19:48,640
and that's what's let us overcome these

540
00:19:53,590 --> 00:19:50,720
offsets to be able to as the next

541
00:19:55,029 --> 00:19:53,600
animation or the next slide shows to be

542
00:19:57,750 --> 00:19:55,039
able to offset these different

543
00:20:00,549 --> 00:19:57,760
measurements to form one continual

544
00:20:02,149 --> 00:20:00,559
record of what the sun has been doing

545
00:20:04,070 --> 00:20:02,159
we use that then to determine

546
00:20:05,110 --> 00:20:04,080
sensitivity of the earth's climate

547
00:20:07,110 --> 00:20:05,120
system

548
00:20:09,350 --> 00:20:07,120
to solar output

549
00:20:10,950 --> 00:20:09,360
but we need to continue this record we

550
00:20:12,549 --> 00:20:10,960
need this overlap with prior

551
00:20:14,390 --> 00:20:12,559
measurements still

552
00:20:15,830 --> 00:20:14,400
and so glory as shown in the next

553
00:20:18,310 --> 00:20:15,840
animation

554
00:20:19,990 --> 00:20:18,320
will be following on to the total

555
00:20:23,029 --> 00:20:20,000
irradiance monitor that's currently

556
00:20:25,669 --> 00:20:23,039
flying on nasa's source mission

557
00:20:27,669 --> 00:20:25,679
and the total irradiance monitor on that

558
00:20:29,510 --> 00:20:27,679
spacecraft mission glory will be

559
00:20:30,950 --> 00:20:29,520
continuing that record

560
00:20:33,350 --> 00:20:30,960
to make sure that we don't have any

561
00:20:36,310 --> 00:20:33,360
interruptions in this data set

562
00:20:39,669 --> 00:20:36,320
so with this long ongoing record as

563
00:20:42,230 --> 00:20:39,679
shown two slides back

564
00:20:44,870 --> 00:20:42,240
we're going to be continuing this

565
00:20:46,390 --> 00:20:44,880
measurement record to take care of these

566
00:20:49,029 --> 00:20:46,400
offsets glory also is going to have

567
00:20:51,270 --> 00:20:49,039
improved accuracy which will make the

568
00:20:53,270 --> 00:20:51,280
future record less susceptible to gaps

569
00:20:55,270 --> 00:20:53,280
in the data because we'll know with very

570
00:20:57,430 --> 00:20:55,280
good absolute accuracy

571
00:21:00,070 --> 00:20:57,440
what the value of total solar irradiance

572
00:21:01,830 --> 00:21:00,080
is right now

573
00:21:03,350 --> 00:21:01,840
by extending this record as shown in the

574
00:21:05,510 --> 00:21:03,360
next view graph

575
00:21:06,630 --> 00:21:05,520
by continuing this record we'll be able

576
00:21:11,029 --> 00:21:06,640
to

577
00:21:13,750 --> 00:21:11,039
irradiance value truly is

578
00:21:15,830 --> 00:21:13,760
will be able to

579
00:21:18,070 --> 00:21:15,840
determine what solar features are

580
00:21:19,830 --> 00:21:18,080
causing the variability that we're

581
00:21:21,830 --> 00:21:19,840
seeing in tsi

582
00:21:24,789 --> 00:21:21,840
we'll want to be looking at long term

583
00:21:27,590 --> 00:21:24,799
decadal century level time scales one

584
00:21:30,390 --> 00:21:27,600
one slide prior to this please

585
00:21:32,390 --> 00:21:30,400
decatal and century level time scales

586
00:21:34,789 --> 00:21:32,400
what kind of long-term variability we're

587
00:21:36,470 --> 00:21:34,799
seeing from the sun and ultimately we're

588
00:21:39,190 --> 00:21:36,480
going to be determining

589
00:21:41,669 --> 00:21:39,200
what the earth's sensitivity to these

590
00:21:43,510 --> 00:21:41,679
solar fluctuations is

591
00:21:45,110 --> 00:21:43,520
so this is going to be giving us a very

592
00:21:46,950 --> 00:21:45,120
accurate measurement of the incoming

593
00:21:48,390 --> 00:21:46,960
radiation and next brian will be telling

594
00:21:51,110 --> 00:21:48,400
you a little bit about how glory is

595
00:21:53,270 --> 00:21:51,120
going to be tracking that radiation as

596
00:21:55,750 --> 00:21:53,280
it's scattered or reflected by aerosols

597
00:21:56,830 --> 00:21:55,760
in the earth's atmosphere

598
00:21:59,590 --> 00:21:56,840
thank you

599
00:22:01,830 --> 00:21:59,600
greg as you've heard the aerosol

600
00:22:03,510 --> 00:22:01,840
polarimetry sensor is designed to detect

601
00:22:05,510 --> 00:22:03,520
and characterize

602
00:22:08,230 --> 00:22:05,520
particles in the air all the way from

603
00:22:10,230 --> 00:22:08,240
small smoke particles and pollution that

604
00:22:12,630 --> 00:22:10,240
are smaller than a human hair all the

605
00:22:14,630 --> 00:22:12,640
way up to very large particles such as

606
00:22:17,350 --> 00:22:14,640
those in ice clouds

607
00:22:19,270 --> 00:22:17,360
um can you show the first image please

608
00:22:20,549 --> 00:22:19,280
this just shows that you can go from the

609
00:22:22,390 --> 00:22:20,559
very small

610
00:22:24,549 --> 00:22:22,400
particles to the very big particles very

611
00:22:26,310 --> 00:22:24,559
quickly on the left side is pollution

612
00:22:27,669 --> 00:22:26,320
flowing out of mexico city across the

613
00:22:29,990 --> 00:22:27,679
high plains

614
00:22:31,990 --> 00:22:30,000
and coming up against a cloud

615
00:22:35,350 --> 00:22:32,000
in the coastal range and the volcano in

616
00:22:37,190 --> 00:22:35,360
the middle is the pico de aruzaba

617
00:22:39,350 --> 00:22:37,200
this image was taken during a field

618
00:22:42,310 --> 00:22:39,360
campaign the nasa intex b field

619
00:22:44,470 --> 00:22:42,320
experiment and we flew our airborne

620
00:22:46,710 --> 00:22:44,480
simulator of the aps

621
00:22:48,390 --> 00:22:46,720
during this experiment

622
00:22:50,070 --> 00:22:48,400
what the polarization measurements that

623
00:22:52,390 --> 00:22:50,080
we take allow us to do

624
00:22:55,029 --> 00:22:52,400
is to detect and characterize the

625
00:22:57,270 --> 00:22:55,039
aerosols over the bright high plain

626
00:22:59,590 --> 00:22:57,280
in a way that is not possible with

627
00:23:01,029 --> 00:22:59,600
measurements just of intensity

628
00:23:02,789 --> 00:23:01,039
um and

629
00:23:04,630 --> 00:23:02,799
if you're looking at a nice fluffy cloud

630
00:23:06,549 --> 00:23:04,640
like the one in this image the best way

631
00:23:08,710 --> 00:23:06,559
to figure out what the size of the drops

632
00:23:10,070 --> 00:23:08,720
in that cloud is is to look at the

633
00:23:13,830 --> 00:23:10,080
polarization

634
00:23:17,990 --> 00:23:15,430
typically when walking around on the

635
00:23:19,750 --> 00:23:18,000
ground and you look up at a cloud it's

636
00:23:22,710 --> 00:23:19,760
you don't normally see the rainbow this

637
00:23:24,149 --> 00:23:22,720
is for two reasons one is the geometry

638
00:23:26,230 --> 00:23:24,159
is often not right and the other thing

639
00:23:27,990 --> 00:23:26,240
is the cloud is bright and the sheer

640
00:23:29,510 --> 00:23:28,000
brightness of the cloud doesn't allow

641
00:23:31,750 --> 00:23:29,520
you to see the rainbow

642
00:23:33,590 --> 00:23:31,760
these two images are taken of clouds a

643
00:23:35,909 --> 00:23:33,600
few seconds the same cloud a few seconds

644
00:23:38,149 --> 00:23:35,919
apart and on the left the polarizer is

645
00:23:39,990 --> 00:23:38,159
used so that you can see the rainbow and

646
00:23:42,870 --> 00:23:40,000
on the right there is no polarizer used

647
00:23:44,870 --> 00:23:42,880
and the rainbow is no longer visible

648
00:23:46,789 --> 00:23:44,880
what we can use the rainbow for is to

649
00:23:49,190 --> 00:23:46,799
determine the size of the droplets in a

650
00:23:51,430 --> 00:23:49,200
cloud with exquisite accuracy so you can

651
00:23:53,269 --> 00:23:51,440
determine how big those droplets are to

652
00:23:54,630 --> 00:23:53,279
within a tenth of a micron and you can

653
00:23:57,029 --> 00:23:54,640
determine the width of the size

654
00:23:59,110 --> 00:23:57,039
distribution as well

655
00:24:01,990 --> 00:23:59,120
next spear graph please

656
00:24:04,230 --> 00:24:02,000
as we've discussed aerosols are one of

657
00:24:06,630 --> 00:24:04,240
the things that can change the climate

658
00:24:09,029 --> 00:24:06,640
here you can see that the aerosols

659
00:24:11,190 --> 00:24:09,039
obviously scattering light over los

660
00:24:13,510 --> 00:24:11,200
angeles and so they can scatter light

661
00:24:15,590 --> 00:24:13,520
back out to space cooling the earth they

662
00:24:16,950 --> 00:24:15,600
can absorb light within the atmosphere

663
00:24:18,630 --> 00:24:16,960
and that can warm the atmosphere and

664
00:24:20,630 --> 00:24:18,640
change its stability

665
00:24:22,470 --> 00:24:20,640
so they can have two effects one is on

666
00:24:24,310 --> 00:24:22,480
the the thermal state of the earth

667
00:24:27,430 --> 00:24:24,320
they're cooling or warming it and the

668
00:24:29,350 --> 00:24:27,440
other is on changing the the water cycle

669
00:24:30,710 --> 00:24:29,360
by changing the amount of evaporation at

670
00:24:33,029 --> 00:24:30,720
the surface

671
00:24:35,750 --> 00:24:33,039
not only can aerosols to have those kind

672
00:24:37,669 --> 00:24:35,760
of effects on the climates of the earth

673
00:24:39,669 --> 00:24:37,679
next view graph please

674
00:24:41,430 --> 00:24:39,679
but they can also modify clouds and this

675
00:24:42,870 --> 00:24:41,440
is a cartoon just showing one of the

676
00:24:44,390 --> 00:24:42,880
possible effects that these little

677
00:24:46,710 --> 00:24:44,400
particles can have

678
00:24:49,350 --> 00:24:46,720
every single droplet or ice particle in

679
00:24:51,830 --> 00:24:49,360
a cloud is formed on a small

680
00:24:53,269 --> 00:24:51,840
dirt particle initially

681
00:24:54,950 --> 00:24:53,279
and depending on how many of those

682
00:24:56,789 --> 00:24:54,960
little particles you have

683
00:24:59,110 --> 00:24:56,799
how big they are and what they're made

684
00:25:00,870 --> 00:24:59,120
out of determines how many droplets you

685
00:25:02,789 --> 00:25:00,880
get and this is just showing that if you

686
00:25:05,029 --> 00:25:02,799
take the same amount of water and split

687
00:25:07,590 --> 00:25:05,039
it amongst multiple droplets as opposed

688
00:25:09,669 --> 00:25:07,600
to having a fewer number of droplets you

689
00:25:12,470 --> 00:25:09,679
can make your clouds a lot brighter and

690
00:25:14,070 --> 00:25:12,480
obviously this can have a huge effect on

691
00:25:16,149 --> 00:25:14,080
how much light gets the surface of the

692
00:25:17,990 --> 00:25:16,159
earth and this is the reason why we not

693
00:25:20,549 --> 00:25:18,000
only want to detect and characterize the

694
00:25:22,630 --> 00:25:20,559
aerosols but also to determine the size

695
00:25:25,430 --> 00:25:22,640
distribution of the droplets

696
00:25:28,230 --> 00:25:25,440
in clouds and also ice particles

697
00:25:30,549 --> 00:25:28,240
so in summary the aps is designed to

698
00:25:32,870 --> 00:25:30,559
detect and characterize both aerosols

699
00:25:35,029 --> 00:25:32,880
and clouds and improve our understanding

700
00:25:37,830 --> 00:25:35,039
of aerosols and clouds and their effects

701
00:25:39,430 --> 00:25:37,840
on climate and back to you steve

702
00:25:41,830 --> 00:25:39,440
okay thank you and thank you to all the

703
00:25:43,110 --> 00:25:41,840
panelists um we'll first tr take

704
00:25:44,950 --> 00:25:43,120
questions here

705
00:25:47,029 --> 00:25:44,960
in the auditorium from any media and

706
00:25:49,190 --> 00:25:47,039
then go to the phone lines

707
00:25:51,590 --> 00:25:49,200
if there are any questions

708
00:25:52,950 --> 00:25:51,600
at this point um

709
00:25:54,390 --> 00:25:52,960
um

710
00:25:55,510 --> 00:25:54,400
actually before we go to the phone lines

711
00:25:57,190 --> 00:25:55,520
let me just

712
00:25:58,310 --> 00:25:57,200
ask one question that i had you

713
00:26:00,310 --> 00:25:58,320
mentioned that

714
00:26:03,029 --> 00:26:00,320
nasa has many satellites up there earth

715
00:26:05,510 --> 00:26:03,039
observing satellites 14 i think you said

716
00:26:06,549 --> 00:26:05,520
how does glory fit in in the cost range

717
00:26:09,909 --> 00:26:06,559
of

718
00:26:12,870 --> 00:26:09,919
have some big ones some small ones how

719
00:26:15,190 --> 00:26:12,880
does glory fit into that range

720
00:26:17,430 --> 00:26:15,200
of the 16 missions that are currently in

721
00:26:19,110 --> 00:26:17,440
nasa's portfolio in our science

722
00:26:21,510 --> 00:26:19,120
portfolio

723
00:26:24,390 --> 00:26:21,520
the glory mission compares pretty well

724
00:26:25,830 --> 00:26:24,400
near the bottom range of cost

725
00:26:28,950 --> 00:26:25,840
in that existing

726
00:26:30,950 --> 00:26:28,960
scale of missions that we have right now

727
00:26:34,549 --> 00:26:30,960
okay thank you joy

728
00:26:37,990 --> 00:26:34,559
again any questions here from the media

729
00:26:40,710 --> 00:26:39,830
you for getting one question

730
00:26:42,789 --> 00:26:40,720
hi

731
00:26:47,510 --> 00:26:42,799
uh could you tell me how long

732
00:26:49,190 --> 00:26:47,520
will glory be measuring the atmosphere

733
00:26:51,430 --> 00:26:49,200
i can answer that um

734
00:26:52,870 --> 00:26:51,440
gloria's designed for a three-year

735
00:26:55,510 --> 00:26:52,880
mission lifetime

736
00:27:02,470 --> 00:26:55,520
and we're sized for five years with

737
00:27:05,830 --> 00:27:03,669
after that

738
00:27:07,750 --> 00:27:05,840
we'd have a review

739
00:27:09,669 --> 00:27:07,760
that would then determine

740
00:27:11,269 --> 00:27:09,679
when and how long the glory mission

741
00:27:13,029 --> 00:27:11,279
would go into what's called extended

742
00:27:15,430 --> 00:27:13,039
operations

743
00:27:17,590 --> 00:27:15,440
so that would have to be another gate or

744
00:27:19,990 --> 00:27:17,600
approval in the process after the

745
00:27:22,149 --> 00:27:20,000
baseline mission is completed

746
00:27:25,909 --> 00:27:22,159
so in other words if this works for you

747
00:27:27,190 --> 00:27:25,919
guys then you'll make do a continuation

748
00:27:29,669 --> 00:27:27,200
with another

749
00:27:31,190 --> 00:27:29,679
rocket or satellite

750
00:27:33,029 --> 00:27:31,200
yeah that decision will be determined

751
00:27:34,870 --> 00:27:33,039
based upon i guess the performance of

752
00:27:36,950 --> 00:27:34,880
glory as well as the other missions that

753
00:27:39,110 --> 00:27:36,960
are in the pipeline right now

754
00:27:41,510 --> 00:27:39,120
okay thank you if the satellite is still

755
00:27:43,350 --> 00:27:41,520
working the satellites beg to keep keep

756
00:27:45,909 --> 00:27:43,360
taking measurements they never want to

757
00:27:49,190 --> 00:27:47,590
okay uh we don't have any media

758
00:27:51,190 --> 00:27:49,200
questions on the phone line so i'll

759
00:27:53,029 --> 00:27:51,200
throw out one more and give the media

760
00:27:54,470 --> 00:27:53,039
and the audience a chance to ask one

761
00:27:56,950 --> 00:27:54,480
more um

762
00:27:58,310 --> 00:27:56,960
distinguishing the sources of aerosols

763
00:28:00,149 --> 00:27:58,320
uh based on the different types of

764
00:28:02,470 --> 00:28:00,159
ourselves seems to be a key

765
00:28:05,029 --> 00:28:02,480
question for glory could somebody speak

766
00:28:06,389 --> 00:28:05,039
to how well we understand the percentage

767
00:28:07,909 --> 00:28:06,399
of aerosols coming from different

768
00:28:10,230 --> 00:28:07,919
sources now

769
00:28:12,789 --> 00:28:10,240
and how do we how will that improve that

770
00:28:14,950 --> 00:28:12,799
estimate of the what's coming from what

771
00:28:16,789 --> 00:28:14,960
sources volcanoes desert dust into the

772
00:28:19,190 --> 00:28:16,799
future with glory data

773
00:28:22,070 --> 00:28:19,200
well maybe i'll answer

774
00:28:23,909 --> 00:28:22,080
at this point the only estimates of how

775
00:28:25,909 --> 00:28:23,919
how much of their soils are natural and

776
00:28:27,110 --> 00:28:25,919
how much a man made these estimates come

777
00:28:29,110 --> 00:28:27,120
from models

778
00:28:31,590 --> 00:28:29,120
because satellites satellite instruments

779
00:28:33,430 --> 00:28:31,600
that have been in operation so far they

780
00:28:35,750 --> 00:28:33,440
simply cannot discriminate between

781
00:28:37,909 --> 00:28:35,760
natural and man-made particles the only

782
00:28:39,510 --> 00:28:37,919
way to do that indirectly is to

783
00:28:40,870 --> 00:28:39,520
determine the refractive index of the

784
00:28:43,110 --> 00:28:40,880
original particles and this is where

785
00:28:44,630 --> 00:28:43,120
polarization is especially powerful

786
00:28:46,789 --> 00:28:44,640
because the polarization state of the

787
00:28:48,789 --> 00:28:46,799
reflected light is very sensitive to the

788
00:28:50,950 --> 00:28:48,799
particle refractive index which is a

789
00:28:53,830 --> 00:28:50,960
proxy to the chemical composition so in

790
00:28:55,029 --> 00:28:53,840
this respect the glory aps will start a

791
00:28:56,389 --> 00:28:55,039
new record

792
00:29:00,950 --> 00:28:56,399
of

793
00:29:02,149 --> 00:29:00,960
uh refractive index and chemical

794
00:29:04,389 --> 00:29:02,159
composition

795
00:29:06,630 --> 00:29:04,399
uh from the models uh i think the models

796
00:29:08,149 --> 00:29:06,640
range quite a bit uh in

797
00:29:09,990 --> 00:29:08,159
in estimating the percentage of the

798
00:29:12,310 --> 00:29:10,000
particles that are natural and man-made

799
00:29:13,430 --> 00:29:12,320
there's a whole range of estimates and i

800
00:29:14,950 --> 00:29:13,440
don't think there is there is a

801
00:29:16,789 --> 00:29:14,960
consensus

802
00:29:19,269 --> 00:29:16,799
all right thank you we do have a

803
00:29:21,590 --> 00:29:19,279
phone question uh from nora wallace at

804
00:29:27,430 --> 00:29:21,600
the santa barbara news press please go

805
00:29:27,440 --> 00:29:31,669
nora are you there

806
00:29:35,830 --> 00:29:33,110
we're not hearing any questions from

807
00:29:44,230 --> 00:29:37,669
okay we have a second question we'll go

808
00:29:49,190 --> 00:29:48,070
we're still not hearing any question but

809
00:29:51,269 --> 00:29:49,200
let's see

810
00:29:53,110 --> 00:29:51,279
if there's any other no no we're not

811
00:29:54,789 --> 00:29:53,120
getting that question from

812
00:29:56,710 --> 00:29:54,799
florida today either

813
00:29:59,430 --> 00:29:56,720
well once again around the uh if there's

814
00:30:01,430 --> 00:29:59,440
no more questions in the media

815
00:30:03,269 --> 00:30:01,440
from the audience

816
00:30:04,789 --> 00:30:03,279
we'll wrap up the briefing i wanted to

817
00:30:07,110 --> 00:30:04,799
say that if you're interested in getting

818
00:30:09,269 --> 00:30:07,120
more information on the glory mission

819
00:30:12,950 --> 00:30:09,279
please go to our website and that is

820
00:30:17,190 --> 00:30:14,310
glory